Effects of different soil conservation tillage approaches on soil nutrients,water use and wheat-maize yield in rainfed dry-land regions of North China

Excessive tillage compromises soil quality by causing severe water shortages that can lead to crop failure. Reports on the effects of conservation tillage on major soil nutrients, water use efficiency and gain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in rainfed regions in the North China Plain are relatively scarce. In this work, four tillage approaches were tested from 2004 to 2012 in a randomized study performed in triplicate: one conventional tillage and three conservation tillage experiments with straw mulching (no tillage during wheat and maize seasons, subsoiling during the maize season but no tillage during the wheat season, and ridge planting during both wheat and maize seasons). Compared with conventional tillage, by 2012, eight years of conservation tillage treatments (no tillage, subsoiling and ridge planting) resulted in a significant increase in available phosphorus in topsoil (0–0.20 m), by 3.8%, 37.8% and 36.9%, respectively. Soil available potassium was also increased following conservation tillage, by 13.6%, 37.5% and 25.0%, and soil organic matter by 0.17%, 5.65% and 4.77%, while soil total nitrogen was altered by −2.33%, 4.21% and 1.74%, respectively. Meanwhile, all three conservation tillage approaches increased water use efficiency, by 19.1–28.4% (average 24.6%), 10.1–23.8% (average 15.9%) and 11.2–20.7% (average 15.7%) in wheat, maize and annual, respectively. Additionally, wheat yield was increased by 7.9–12.0% (average 10.3%), maize yield by 13.4–24.6% (average 17.4%) and rotation annual yield by 12.3–16.9% (average 14.1%). Overall, our findings demonstrate that subsoiling and ridge planting with straw mulching performed better than conventional tillage for enhancing major soil nutrients and improving grain yield and water use efficiency in rainfed regions in the North China Plain.     

西北内陆早熟陆地棉品种的综合评价及育种演化

【目的】综合评价近30年西北内陆棉区审定的早熟陆地棉品种,阐述该区域育成品种主要性状的育种演变规律,为西北内陆棉花新品种选育和主栽品种推荐提供参考依据。【方法】2020年和2021年分别在甘肃敦煌和新疆石河子对110个1988—2021年西北内陆棉区审定的早熟陆地棉品种与早熟、产量、纤维品质和株型相关的12个主要性状的表型进行鉴定;利用聚类分析、相关性分析和主成分分析等方法,对品种表型特征进行综合评分,筛选优良品种,并对其主要性状进行育种演化分析。【结果】110个早熟陆地棉参试品种的12个主要性状表型值分布范围较大,变异系数由大到小依次为：果枝长度>单株结铃数>吐絮率>单铃重>马克隆值>纤维强度>衣分>纤维长度>开花时间>果枝夹角>伸长率>整齐度。通过聚类分析将110个早熟陆地棉品种分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ4个类群,它们分别为优良纤维品质、早熟、松散株型和高产的品种类群。相关性分析表明,早熟性与产量和纤维品质相关性状均呈负相关,产量构成性状与纤维品质性状呈正相关,且多数性状之间达显著或极显著水平。利用主成分分析将12个主要性状...     

微管调节试剂对白菜型冬油菜萌动种子内源激素及抗寒基因表达的影响

以‘陇油7号’和‘天油4号’2个抗寒性不同的白菜型冬油菜为试验材料,通过添加400μmol·L^-1秋水仙碱(微管聚合抑制剂)和50μmol·L^-1紫杉醇(微管聚合促进剂)试剂后,在20℃和0℃下分别处理12 h和24 h,随后采用液相色谱质谱联用仪和荧光定量PCR测定萌动种子内源激素含量及抗寒基因表达量,研究微管调节试剂对白菜型冬油菜萌动种子内源激素和抗寒基因的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,添加秋水仙碱后,在0℃和20℃处理下‘陇油7号’和‘天油4号’ABA、IAA、GA₃、ZT含量明显降低;添加紫杉醇后,‘陇油7号’和‘天油4号’ABA、IAA、GA₃、ZT含量明显升高。添加秋水仙碱后,与0℃处理12 h相比,0℃处理24 h时,‘陇油7号’α-tubulin、β-tubulin、MKK2、ICE1、CBF1、BrAFP1的表达量增加,‘天油4号’α-tubulin、β-tubulin、CBF1表达量增加,但MKK2、ICE1、BrAFP1的表达量降低;与20℃处理12 h相比,20℃处理24 h时...     

耕作措施对旱农区农田土壤质量与碳排放的影响

依托2001年布设在陇中旱农区的田间定位试验,于2018年研究了传统耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)和免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)对麦豆轮作体系下豌豆田土壤碳排放、土壤质量的影响.研究结果表明:1)NTS处理可以提高黄绵土土壤质量.NTS处理下土壤物理、化学和生物学质量均最高;2)NT、NTS可以减少黄...     

Planting density and sowing proportions of maize–soybean intercrops affected competitive interactions and water-use efficiencies on the Loess Plateau,China

In field trials on the Loess Plateau, China, in 2012–13, maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) were sole cropped and intercropped at three densities and with three sowing proportions. Maize was generally more growth efficient for biomass accumulation than soybean during the entire growth interval, as assessed using the relative efficiency index (REI_c). However, most of sowing proportion at each density displayed a trend of decreased growth with development. Throughout the growth period, the dry matter production and leaf area index (LAI) of maize increased as the plant density increased irrespective of whether it was grown as a sole crop or as an intercrop. However, the effect of increasing cropping density was less obvious for soybean. The LAI values of the sole crop treatment for both maize and soybean were greater than that of the intercropping system, indicating that the presence of maize and soybean together suppressed the respective growth of the two crops. At the final harvest, land equivalent ratios (LER) of 0.84–1.35 indicated resource complementarity in most of the studied intercrops. Complementarity was directly affected by changes in plant densities; the greatest LER were observed in 2 rows maize and 2 rows soybean intercrops at low density. The water equivalent ratio (WER), which characterized the efficiency of water resource use in intercropping, ranged from 0.84 to 1.68, indicating variability in the effect of intercropping on water-use efficiency (WUE).     

Winter wheat canopy interception and its influence factors under sprinkler irrigation

Field studies on winter wheat canopy interception with its relations to leaf area index (LAI), plant height, drop diameter, wind speed, and water application intensity were carried out. Canopy interception was measured using the water wiping method. Results indicate that the maximum value of winter wheat canopy interception was not more than 1.0 mm, much smaller than presented by previous investigators. The total canopy interception for the growing season was 2.4 mm, only 1.3% of the total irrigation amount (194.6 mm), for four sprinkler irrigation events during 2003. Canopy interception increased as leaf area index and plant height increased. A linear regression model was developed to express the relationship of canopy interception with leaf area index and plant height. There was good agreement between the values of canopy interception measured using the water wiping method and estimated using the linear regression model. Results also indicate that canopy interception decreased as drop diameter and wind speed increased. An exponential relationship was found between canopy interception and drop size, and a linear relationship between canopy interception and the square of the wind speed. Water application intensity does not affect canopy interception significantly.     

基于全长转录组测序的盐生草SSR标记开发及其遗传多样性分析

以盐生草全长转录组数据为基础,用MISA在线软件对盐生草转录组水平SSR位点进行搜索,共鉴定到29640个SSR位点,每SSR的发生频率为4.93 kb。SSR种类包含1~6核苷酸重复类型,重复次数主要为4~20次,其中,三核苷酸重复单位最多,占38.25%;四核苷酸重复单位类型最少,仅占3.26%。鉴定到的327种SSR重复类型中,A/T、AG/CT、ATC/GAT、AAG/CTT重复类型出现次数较多。进一步地,对甘肃18个不同生态点盐生草材料进行SSR标记位点的开发及遗传多样性分析。从检测到的29640个SSR标记中选择218对标记进行多态性筛选,共筛选到多态性较高的33对标记,这些标记共检测得到199个等位基因位点,等位基因数（AN）为3~13个,平均为6.03个;基因多样性指数（GD）为0.583~0.869,平均为0.698;基因型数量（GN）为2~13,平均值为5.88;多态性信息含量（PIC）值为0.527~0.856,平均值为0.623。聚类分析结果表明,18个不同生态点盐生草的遗传相似系数（GS）为0.528~0.859,平均值为0.683。在GS为0.68处,可将供试材料划分为四大类。本研究为盐生草种质资源开发及利用提供了参考依据。     

北方旱寒区甘蓝型冬油菜产量、品质及抗倒性的分析评价

2018—2019年,以34个强抗寒甘蓝型冬油菜品系为试验材料,对其产量、品质及抗倒性进行分析和评价,挖掘优异种质资源。结果表明：不同材料间的产量、品质及抗倒性存在较大差异,单株产量变异范围为6.50～36.67 g,平均产量为21.08 g, 17NPZ240-1的产量最高;相关分析表明全株角果数(r=0.897^**)和每角粒数(r=0.534^**)与单株产量极显著正相关。各材料倒伏系数介于153.74～359.61,17NDL20-7的倒伏系数最低,抗倒性最强;相关分析表明抗折力(r=-0.501^**)、重心高度(r=502^**)、茎粗(r=-0.816^**)、分枝部位(r=0.472^**)和主花序长度(r=-0.679^**)与倒伏系数呈极显著相关关系。品质性状中,含油量介于33.40%～49.54%,平均含量为43.32%,17DNL32-3的含量最高;蛋白质含量介于16.87%～27.24%,平均含量为21.18%,16NTS...     

磷添加对陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤呼吸组分特征与碳平衡的影响

磷素的大量输入,将显著影响陆地生态系统的碳平衡和碳固存,为探究陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤呼吸及其组分动态变化特征与碳平衡对磷添加的响应,采用完全随机区组设计,设不施磷肥（CK）、低磷（P₁）、中磷（P₂）、高磷（P₃）4个施磷水平,测定春小麦生育期各处理土壤呼吸及其组分与环境因子,计算土壤呼吸温度敏感性指数、净生态系统生产力与碳平衡。研究结果表明,磷添加增加了土壤呼吸及其组分的CO₂排放量。与CK处理相比,P₁、P₂处理和P₃处理土壤呼吸CO₂累计排放量分别显著增加13.85%、24.86%和26.47%（P<0.05）;土壤异养呼吸显著提高了9.09%、9.4%和14.52%（P<0.05）;土壤自养呼吸分别提高了18.96%、39.98%和38.33%（P<0.05）。土壤呼吸及其组分受到多因素的共同作用,拟合分析结果表明,土壤水分和温度分别可解释土壤呼吸及其组分速率变异的37.0%~49.7%和69.4%~76.8%。逐步回归和方差分解结果表明,土壤呼吸的主要影响因素为0~5cm土壤碱性磷酸酶和0~10 cm土壤有机碳;异养呼吸的主要影响因素为0~5 cm土壤β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、0~5 cm土壤纤维素二糖水解酶和5~10 cm土壤碱性磷酸酶;自养呼吸的主要影响因素为0~5 cm土壤碱性磷酸酶、0~5 cm土壤速效磷、0~5 cm土壤有机碳和5~10 cm土壤纤维素二糖水解酶。CK、P₁、P₂处理和P₃处理的净生态系统生产力均为正值,其数值分别为2640.10、3412.91、3579.83 kg·hm^-2和3 790.74 kg·hm^-2,均表现为土壤碳的“汇”。因此,在陇中黄土高原旱作农田生态系统管理中,应合理地增施磷肥（建议施用115 kg·hm^-2）,提高土壤固碳效率,科学合理地构建环境保护与经济高效并重的现代化农业生产管理体系。     

Review on the fully mulched ridge–furrow system for sustainable maize production on the semi-arid Loess Plateau

The fully mulched ridge–furrow (FMRF) system has been widely used on the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China due to its high maize (Zea mays L.) productivity and rainfall use efficiency. However, high outputs under this system led to a depletion of soil moisture and soil nutrients, which reduces its sustainability in the long run. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the system for the sustainable development of agriculture. The development, yield-increasing mechanisms, negative impacts, optimization, and their relations in the FMRF system are reviewed in this paper. We suggest using grain and forage maize varieties instead of regular maize; mulching plastic film in autumn or leaving the mulch after maize harvesting until the next spring, and then removing the old film and mulching new film; combining reduced/no-tillage with straw return; utilizing crop rotation or intercropping with winter canola (Brassica campestris L.), millet (Setaria italica), or oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.); reducing nitrogen fertilizer and partially replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer; using biodegradable or weather-resistant film; and implementing mechanized production. These integrations help to establish an environmentally friendly, high quality, and sustainable agricultural system, promote high-quality development of dryland farming, and create new opportunities for agricultural development in the semi-arid Loess Plateau.